THE SAGINAW AND MANISTEE LUMBER COMPANY MILL, WILLIAMS, ARIZONA 1893-1941 (Updated and Revised 7/2023)
THE SAGINAW AND MANISTEE LUMBER COMPANY MILL, WILLIAMS, ARIZONA
1893-1941
COPYRIGHT; ALL RIGHTS RESERVED (5/10/22)
Updated and Revised 7/2023, including the Fire Department, The Roundhouse and Commissary
An overview picture of Williams Township and the Mill, looking westward,
circa 1920s. The town was situated on an East-West axis; the mill was on a more
North-South axis. The mill site was just west of town.
(All Historic Photographs in this section, unless otherwise noted, are from the
Arizona Memory Project: Williams, Arizona Collection. A copy of the original scan
is available at the Williams Historic Photo Project, located in Williams, Arizona.)
The year 1893 would be a pivotal time for the upstart community of Williams. Reports of tall stands of Ponderosa pine reached the desks of mid-west businessmen. Well-established and financially prosperous logging companies needed new sources of timber to feed the ever-increasing, ever-demanding needs of a young and growing nation.
On February 14, 1893, the Saginaw Lumber Company of Saginaw, Michigan made their move, purchasing the timber rights to thousands of acres of prime timber south of Williams (Fuchs 108, 109.) For the next fifty-odd years, through several company reorganizations and corporate entities, the Saginaw would be a major influence in the local and regional economies.
With the company flag now firmly planted, no time was wasted on making good on their investment. Construction of the Williams mill, just west of the township, began in April 1893, and by June production had begun. A large number of company employees relocated from Saginaw, Michigan. All of the related facilities to support a mill and the employees were prudently built on the mill property. In January 1894 the mill expanded with the addition of a box factory. A secondary mill, located at Chalender, was constructed in 1893. Starting in 1894, several railroad spurs were built to harvest the timber south of Chalender (Fuchs 109-111.)
In 1893, the J.M. Dennis Lumber Company was contracted to cut timber for the Saginaw. Thus began a long-standing co-operation between the two, as both companies maintained offices in Williams. Although the Saginaw became the dominate logging and mill operation in the area, the Dennis firm benefited from contracts to cut small and difficult areas within the Saginaw domain. J.M. Dennis had a substantial presence in their own right, having relocated their New Mexico mill to the town of Rhoades, located east of Williams (Fuchs 110, 181.) This facility included a box factory and a Planing mill.
In December 1893 an experimental telephone line was strung from Flagstaff to Williams. In 1894 a permanent line was made between the Williams depot of the Santa Fe Railroad and the main mill. In July of 1897, a connection was made between the offices of J.M. Dennis Lumber Company in Williams, and the Sawmill located 8 miles east at Walker ( Rhoades?, just west of Flagstaff.) A long-distance line to the outside world was completed in September 1901 (Fuchs, 145,179.) With the coming of the telephone system, the S&M corporate offices were in immediate contact with the mill, and later, the far-flung logging operations in the woods. Archaeological evidence indicates that lines were strung to the remote camps, allowing for the efficient dispatching of trains, and coordination of daily production by the logging crews.
In July of 1896, the ever-present threat of fire devoured the Williams Mill. The lack of water to suppress the conflagration contributed to the extensive damage. Some 8 million feet of prime cut logs were destroyed. A new circular sawmill was built, later converted to a band saw. A bull wheel (winch) pulled logs into the mill (Lumberjack, Volume 1, page 4.)
The rebuilt mill, with a capacity of 100,000 board feet per day, opened in June of 1897. A steam power plant was constructed, and new cottages were added to the mill property. With their conservative mid-west financial values, the second mill was no longer needed, so the owners closed the Chalender mill. The Company was then owned by Brown, Nelson, Brewer and Humphery and Son, of Michigan.
Box Factory: one of the first to be built, and the last to close when the Company moved to Flagstaff. This is an early photo, as the mill was later rebuilt after the fire and expanded over time. Note to the left a wood standard gauge boxcar. The small door on the end of the car allowed loading of boards longer than what would fit through the side doors.
A very early picture of the yard, located next to the mill. Despite the caption on the post card, this was the first mill building, before the devastating fires of 1896. The mill pond had not been added. On the left of the photograph a log train is unloading on the log decks, made of debarked logs. In the background can be seen the smokestack for the box factory.
A later photograph of the main mill, circa 1920s, early 30s. Note the small log pond, which allowed the logs to be pulled into the mill and would provide a source of water against the ever-present threat of fire. Logs were hauled by a chain belt out of the pond, and into the mill for processing. The mill at this time used a band saw, not a circular saw. The saw filers room was located in the rafters of the building. This made it easier to change out the band saws.
What is significant is the stone structure, to the right of the mill building. This was probably the Steam Plant that was built in 1897 after the original mill burned down. On the right, in front of the scrap burner (partially hidden in the image) is a small building on a tower. This overlooked the yard operations, which by this time included a Clyde Loading Derrick for moving logs (just to the right, out of the picture.)
Saw Filers room. .Main administration building
In 1898, the Saginaw Southern Railroad, incorporated as a common carrier, began building south from Williams with aspirations of reaching Jerome. This may have been seen as a prudent expansion, during a time of railroad fever. It could also be viewed as an ambitious overreach by the normally fiscally conservative owners (Fuchs 144; more in the Saginaw Southern chapter.)
In 1899 the Saginaw Lumber company merged with the Manistee Lumber Company of Manistee Michigan, becoming the Saginaw and Manistee Lumber Company. With the infusion of additional investments and resources, the company acquired an additional 132,000 acres of timber (Fuchs, 112.)
By the early 1900s, the mill had a yearly production averaging 25 million board feet of lumber. In 1905, the owners announced plans to double the capacity (Fuchs, 179.) In 1900 two bandsaw mill machines (one made by Allis Chalmers, and one made by Prescott) were added. Also added were a Mershon resaw, a Prescott double edger, and a small lathe mill machine. The big burner, for disposing of waste material, was installed (Lumberjack, Volume 1, Issue 8, page 4.)
From time to time, the mill and the forest operations would be shut down for extensive overhauls. The Williams News (May 11, 1912) reported that the mill would soon be reopened after a two-month hiatus. During this time the main mill was extensively upgraded; railroad cars rebuilt, repainted and numbered; and the (steam) engines were overhauled. The reopening of operations meant a great deal to the town, as some 400 employees would soon return to work, adding their income to the coffers of the community.
In 1920, the Company was once again under new ownership, having been purchased by Baker, Fentress and Company of Chicago, Illinois.
The S&M had prudently built all of the related mill facilities, including the employee housing, on company property. It proved to be a shrewd move, as the re-incorporation of Williams in 1901 excluded the property, and all related fixtures from the city limits. This avoided the payment of all city taxes by the corporation. Over the coming years, the mill-built dams and the power plant, to name only a few of the company sponsored improvements, would benefit the larger community of Williams (Fuchs, 128, 129.)
The company also provided housing and boarding for the employees and their families. The larger houses would be for more skilled employees; this was considered as part of their compensation. At the mill site, a Boarding House was maintained for the single male employees. The structure existed prior to 1923, however in that year much attention was given to clean-up the premises, and the porch floor was repaired. In addition, a fire escape was built at the rear of the building (LUMBERJACK, May 1923, Volume 1, Number 1.) The exact location of this structure appears to have been near the main mill and office building.
From 1893 to 1910, The Federal government began the creation of the forest reserves- precursors of the National Forests. The new policies and regulations, which continue to this day, supported sustained yield; clear cutting was eliminated. Resources such as grazing rights, timber sales, and recreational uses would be controlled for the benefit of future generations. The United States Department of Agriculture's Forest Service was charged with oversight. Starting in 1902, the federal lands were consolidated into the San Francisco Mountain Reserves. In 1910 it became the Coconino and Tusayan National Forests. Later evolutions created the Kaibab National Forest (Fuchs 180,181; Stein E-7.) The Saginaw and Manistee had already purchased or leased some of the best timber holdings in the new forest reserves. At first, the new forest management practices had little impact on the daily logging operations (Fuchs, 181.)
The Lumberjack Magazine (Volume 1, issue 8, pages 10-19, December 1923) provides insight into the organization and operation of the mill. Lumber Mills in general, were a complexity of inter-working parts and unique functions, all requiring the utmost in planning and design to achieve maximum and efficient production:
Yard Department: Responsible for green grading of fresh-cut lumber, to the finished product. The "green chain" (250-300 feet in length) pulled the lumber to a particular unit, where it was pulled and stacked. A Ross Carrier (2 in operation) moved the stacked lumber to the drying yards. The lumber was restacked for drying.
A lumber carrier, similar to the Ross Carrier. (Image public domain)
In April or May of 1923, a new Ross Carrier was purchased to replace the electric carrier (battery powered.) The electric machine could only work 7-8 hours in the yard before the need to recharge. A gas-powered machine could work the full ten hours needed (providential revelation, relevant to today's reality?)
The gangly contraption drove over and lifted a stack of lumber, then trundled over to where the lumber was needed. Odd in appearance, these machines were used for many years, having gone through a number of evolutionary improvements.
Planing Mill: Responsible for finishing the lumber. The mill consisted of two high speed planers, two resaws, a moulder and a rip saw, each driven by electric motors.
Box Factory: Manufactured wood boxes, prior to the advent of cardboard boxes. This consisted of 4 cut-off machines, 2 nailing machines, 2 matchers, a squeezer, a printer and 2 planers. (The manufacture of wood boxes was an important operation, and there were mills built specifically for this throughout the timber-producing areas of the United States.)
The Box Factory and Planing Mill Power Plant (This was separate from the Saginaw Power Company): This consisted of one-200 H.P. engine; 2-150 H.P. and 1-100 H.P. boilers; 1-187 KVA 220 Volt, Westinghouse turbine generator, and one 100 H.P. belt driven General Electric Generator. This powerplant was probably the one updated in 1928.
The Machine Shop: Consisting of two lathes: 1-20 inch and 1-60 inch. Additionally, there was 1–16-inch planer; 1–200-ton wheel press; pneumatic tools; and various wrenches and other items that make a complete machine shop.
The Fire Department: (The following information is provided by the Lumberjack, May 1923, Volume 1, Number 1.)
The first meeting of the Safety Welfare and Committee took place on April 22, 1923. After deliberating and accepting the organizational structure, the members discussed the recommendations of the Fire Department Organizing Committee. A great deal of urgency was felt that the mill should organize and maintain a fire department, consisting of members from the workforce. Other than the safety of the mill employees and the company property, the suppression of a fire was paramount. No other disaster posed a greater threat than a fire breaking out in an industrial site dedicated to the processing of wood into products, in structure built of the same material.
The report of the Fire Department Organizing Committee (dated April 19, 1923) reveal that a great deal of forethought and planning had gone into the proposal. The recommended Fire Chief would be C.R. Sullivant, with R.C. Sullivant as Assistant Chief (no doubt related.) After some protestations, the new Fire Chief was duly elected by the Safety Committee.
The sub-committee recommended three firefighting squads be established:
One for the main "sawmill and surrounding structures, including the warehouse, office, blacksmith and carpenter shops, barn and boarding house" (this helps in identifying where these structures were once located.)
One for the planing mill and box factory and surrounding property
One for the sheds, and yard areas
Each of these units would be comprised of: Captain, Hose Squad of ten men (one for the hydrant, two for connecting hoses, four hosemen and 3 nozzlemen. In addition, there would be two standpipe men, with bucket and extinguisher squads organized as needed from other mill employees. Each one of the squads would mutually support other areas as needed.
Fire drills would be conducted each week, lasting five minutes. Members would be compensated an extra fifty cents to participate in the drills.
The fire chief was to establish a system of fire whistle signals, which would be posted in all of the work locations. A lengthy discussion ensued, so that any confusion would be avoided between normal mill whistle blasts and a fire alarm signal.
According to the notes of this meeting, and maps that date to 1915, the company had established a building for a fire apparatus. This at first could have been something as simple as a hose cart, later replaced by a fire truck. The mill had standpipes connected to the main water supply located throughout the plant site. It was likely that hose reels were located near the standpipes for easy access. Fire extinguishers were in existence by 1923, and the usual fire buckets and shovels would have been located at the various plants.
In addition to the discussion and approval of the Fire Department, attention was given to the fact that employees were smoking in the toilets, usually nothing more than outhouses. Apparently, smoking was banned on the mill site, and the devious smokers were carving holes in the outhouses so they could see the approach of foreman. It is obvious that a lighted cigarette butt tossed in the toilet could have disastrous consequences, one of which would be the expulsion of the miscreant from employment.
...
A number of additional structures were located on the mill site. A barn is mentioned in the Lumberjack (Vol.1, Number 1), probably used as storage location for the hay and fodder for the horses in the remote logging camps. It is also possible that horses were stabled in the barn in the early years, as a wagon shop (later carpenter's shop) was located on site. As further mentioned in the Lumberjack, the main "sawmill and surrounding structures, including the warehouse, office, blacksmith and carpenter shops, barn and boarding house" were located near each other.
The roundhouse structure was also located at or near this area. The use of the term "roundhouse" was a common description used to describe a multiple stall engine house. This term was used to describe this building, however photographs from the time period reveal that for the most part this could be better described as a shed, with large double doors allowing access. Not a glamorous structure; however, it served its purpose for the stabling of the mill's iron horses and allowed adequate shelter to service the steeds. Some of the later woods operations also had a basic engine shed located at the headquarters camps.
...
After May first, the summer hours for operations at the mill were:
6:50 AM to 12 Noon; 12:50 PM to 6:00 PM weekdays. Saturday hours were 6:50 AM to 12 Noon, and
12:50 PM to 4 PM.
Sundays were off for all employees (with the possible exception of the watchmen.) (Lumberjack, Vol. 1,
Number 1.)
In 1928, The mill was once again updated. An upgraded power system was installed, consisting of 5- 150 horsepower boilers, supplying steam pressure to a 600 H.P. Montague engine. Two 20 kilowatt generators and one 300 H.P. Otis Water Heater were added. With the new power system, the mill could rely on a 500 gallon-per-minute fire hose system, with six-inch connections. Along with these improvements a 15-foot tall, 100-foot boom, Clyde Loading Derrick was installed near the entrance to the main mill. This was used to stack logs for winter operations, with a storage capacity of 2 1/2-3 million feet capacity (Lumberjack, page 9.) Mill output was in excess of 30 million board feet per year. Additional timber was purchased to ensure continual production for six more years (the Great Depression was not a foreseen reality.) A dam was built in Saginaw Canyon, providing recreational opportunities for the community, such as winter ice skating and summer swimming.
Collier Logging Museum- Photo, Author
Steam was produced by the boilers (not shown), then fed to the engines. The engines were reciprocating pistons, which then turned the large belt-drive wheel, or the generator, depending on the design.
The mill was again updated, with the change from steam to electric power. This was accomplished with the construction of a new power plant (under the subsidiary of the Saginaw Light Company) circa 1929-1930. This subsidiary allowed power to be sold to the City of Williams, with priority to providing free electricity to the mill and company employees (Fuchs 202, 219, 231.)
Starting in 1928, major changes occurred in the wood's operations. The last of the "Big-Wheel" logging horse teams were sold, replaced by mechanized equipment. At first introduced on a small scale, the evolution to mechanized logging practices had taken hold. Caterpillar model 30 and 60 tractors pulled the logs to the loading sites in the woods. Trucks took over the the haul from the south of Williams to the mill complex. Where practical, trucks hauled the logs to other railroad spurs (Fuchs 23, 273; Stein E-9.)
A big wheel logging wagon (Collier Logging Museum)
Caterpillar tractor, model 30 or 60, which replaced the horse teams. Logging arches were apparently used in later years. This reduced damage, instead of just dragging the logs behind the Cat.
(Collier Logging Museum)
Gone were the faithful, strong, yet temperamental horse teams from the woods. No longer would the company have to transport hay and water for the horses in the remote logging camps. No longer was there a need to repair harnesses, re-shoe horses, or provide down-time to feed and water the faithful steeds. Machines only required fuel, and with proper maintenance worked from one day to the next, with little downtime.
1929 dawned with great hope and expectation. The future appeared bright, with the promise of prosperity for all. By the end of 1930, the Great Depression gripped every facet of life in the nation. The mill, at reduced production, continued to operate during the depression years, with the occasional shutdowns. Logging operations were subject to the demands of the mill, which produced lumber only when necessary. As could be imagined, mechanization and the Depression resulted in a reduced workforce at the mill and in the woods.
In 1933, a commissary was established at the mill. The local newspaper was sharp and pointed in response. According to local opinion, the community provided schools and services, yet the mill paid no city taxes; this opinion did not take into account that the company provided employment, had built an electric power plant, and added several dams to serve the needs of the community. The commissary was seen as harming the local merchants (Fuchs, 275.) Commissary cars were also provided to the wood's operations, having been noted in the Company's annual reports.
Speculation can be made as to how the commissary effected worker's lives. The practice of "company stores" was common throughout company-built towns in the United States. The commissary, as a quasi-retail establishment, could serve the needs of the employees, where they could purchase such items as work boots and clothing, and additional food items for the mill and camp employees. Families of the employees were often dependent on the company for housing. All of their basic needs could be provided at the commissary, with a modest markup for the store.
For the company, this arrangement would provide a number of advantages. A worker's pay would be charged for mill-site housing, and room and board at the remote camps. Instead of payment of cash, script could be issued which itemized all deductions, with the remainder to be used as credit - honored only at the commissary. There is physical evidence that tokens, good only at the store, were issued. The company further benefited in that payroll became just a matter of accounting, with a reduced demand to keep large sums of cash on hand. An employee could visit the paymaster for cash; however, during the Great Depression this could be fraught with danger. A request for currency could result in a notice of termination.
$1.00 Commissary Token, Saginaw and Manistee Lumber Company. Quarter on right for comparison (Author's Collection.)
The Flagstaff Mill.
In March 1941, the company leased and then purchased the Arizona Lumber and Timber Company in Flagstaff. The timber stands near the Williams mill were becoming exhausted, and the Tusayan Line was shut down. In order to access and profitably harvest timber leases around Mormon Lake, the company relocated to Flagstaff. At the start of 1942, it was obvious that the company was leaving Williams. In June of that year, all production was ended, with the remaining box factory having shut-down. In September of 1944, the city purchased the mill site, and both dams of the Saginaw and Manistee. A new high school and housing developments now occupy the former mill site (Fuchs 263, 264, 275.)
The demands of the war effort during World War II encouraged the removal of all available scrap metals from forests. All available scrap - including dormant steam engines, rails, discarded mill equipment-were gathered to fight the war (Stein, E-9). Slowly, ever methodically, the once state -of -the-art detritus of the industrial revolution gave way to the reality of the present. Rare is the chance encounter of a rail or other iron artifacts within the woods.
Eventually, all of the logging railroads in the North Country fell silent. Mechanized logging, with trucks and tractors, and the sustained yield policy of the Forest Service became the norm.
WILLIAMS MILL: MICROCOSM OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Company picture of those who labored at the mill. The mill was more than just a place to process timber into lumber; people and their devoted labors made the mill profitable. Each one of workers pictured played an important part in the function of the company; whether a crew on the log trains, a saw filer, or just a common laborer. All worked together to make the system function. All of them, from all walks of life, had to work together, and they did so for over forty years.
Note behind the employees is a steam engine and a small engine shed. I suspect that this is Climax #3, which labored at the mill during the Tusayan years. One of structures in the background could be the Carpenter's Shop, formally in earlier years the Wagon Shop
The Safety Committee, circa 1923. Logging practices had come a long way since the early years. Not only was safety a common interest for all workers (regardless of position), but it made sense. Reducing injuries and providing a safe working environment increased productivity and profits. More profits meant better pay and job security. In the 1920s, Safety Committees sprang up, in large part to the efforts of the formation of the Industrial Commission of Arizona (Stein, Report #19, page 95.) It was also a wise move by the company to listen to their employees, and thus help to negate any talk of forming a union. Unions were considered anathema in the early Twentieth Century. The Committee produced a newsletter, The Lumber Jack. This remarkable mini magazine had articles on the daily life of the camps, mill operations, and other points of interest. It also shows that the company understood the importance of their employees. Today, the newsletter is a treasure trove of information.
Modern society, with its fixation on the electronic screen or the wisps of the internet cloud, has seemingly lost a respect for all things that came before. That which we now call history, at one time made possible the ever-evolving technological revolutions of today. It would do well to pause for a few moments to appreciate the past. All too soon, what we consider the present will become a fading page of a future generation's history.
Mills could be updated and modernized as the technology evolved, or as the demands of the market changed. The Williams mill continually upgraded and expanded throughout its long history.
From the simplest function of a portable mill to the operation of a large mill complex, a plethora of crafts brought to life function from design.
Draftsman inked the lines and symbols on paper, which were carefully reviewed, calculated and then measured by the structural engineers.
Carpenters cut and assemble post and beam framing, laboriously hammering the nails into cut lumber for walls and siding. Then came the skilled hanging of doors and windows. Form and function begin to rise from drafted plan. Boilermakers assembled the large iron beasts that would bring the lifeblood of steam and heat to the stationary engines. Riggers and assemblers fastened the drive lines and adjusted the drive belts that would soon transfer power to the various machines.
Plumbers and pipe fitters assembled the pipes and all the various fixtures, carefully sealing and testing their handiwork so that water may flow to the mill and employee cottages. Sprinklers would one day be fitted to reduce the danger of the all-consuming fire.
Trained and experienced workers would assemble and maintain the numerous machines. The main saw and carriage had to be aligned with great precision; controls installed and tested, and adjustments made thus ensuring accurate and efficient cuts. Here, timber was transformed from logs to lumber.
When electricity became the norm, electricians installed the wiring, fuse boxes, and controls that powered the new and efficient electric motors. Lighting fixtures would be updated, bringing illumination to a once shadowy gloom. The kerosene lamp would no longer pose the danger of causing a fire in the mill.
Production and continual operation depended on journeymen craftsmen from many diverse and specialized skills. Saw filers kept the cutting edge on mill and logging camp saws, sharpened to perfection. Head-end operators deftly operated the saw and carriage, maximizing yield from every log.
Machine shops were essential, equipped with all of the necessary parts and tools to keep the mill running. Great pride was taken by the craftsman plying their trades. If a part was broken and not in stock, the machinists could fabricate new ones or repair as needed. The obsolescent was continually updated to the modern. Lathes, drill presses, and grinders were some of the larger machines at their disposal. Hammers, files, metal saws, wrenches and drill bits were additional tools of the trade. Only the heavy repairs would be outsourced to other facilities.
The mill was more than a series of mysterious buildings, shrouded in the wood siding of their own making. Mill sites were a series of interlocking sub-mills, each specializing in the production of boxes, railroad ties, door and trim details, and quality dimensional lumber. Sawdust would be burned in the large open-air burner. End cuts, also known as "hog fuel," would be used to feed the boilers, which then provided the power for the mill, or used in the stoves to warm the worker's homes.
The green lumber would be sent to the open-air drying stacks, allowing the dry and arid weather to remove moisture. The burden of the tedious, dangerous and toil-some work of stacking the lumber, and the loading of boxcars for distant markets, fell upon the shoulders of common laborers. Arduous and seemingly never ending, the laborer pressed on, knowing to have a job during the Great Depression was a precious gift.
Without the logging railroads, the mill would starve for timber resources. They were an extension of the mill, the tendrils that extended into the forests, nourishing and feeding the raw materials to the center of operations. Without one the other would soon cease to exist. Logging railroads of the early twentieth century were perfectly suited to the diverse topographical conditions in the forests. The technology of the industrial revolution was sufficiently available and mature in application. Technology continued to evolve over the coming decades, and the S&M was willing to adopt and adapt new techniques.
Rod-type steam engines, particularly used ones ready to be discarded by the mainline railroads, were readily available. Geared engines such as the Shay, and later the Heisler and Climax designs, were proving their worth. Rails, and all of the spikes and attachments, were available new or used. Used rail was preferable, as it could be bought or leased at a reasonable price. Mainline railroads were continually updating lighter weight with heavier weight rails.
Railroad equipment such as log cars, tank and box cars, could be purchased new, used, or in a kit form. Manufacturers produced a variety of parts, from wheel sets to brake hardware, and everything else that was necessary to assemble or maintain a rail fleet. Mainline railroads were continually shedding used equipment and were willing to sell or lease it to the logging companies. Since the North Country logging lines were standard gauge - compatible with the mainline railroads - a wide variety of used equipment was available. Boxcars could be modified into camp cars (until portable camp cabins were adopted), used to transport hay for the horses, and supply the remote camps. Log cars were made to order, either by manufacturers or from kits at the mill site. Water cars would be leased and eventually purchased new.
The technology was available, financing was hungry for profits, and management was well-versed in timber operations from their experience in the Michigan woods. All was ready; the time was now- to begin a great adventure in the Arizona Ponderosa forests.
THE STORY CONTINUES:
THE SAGINAW AND MANISTEE LUMBER COMPANY MILL, WILLIAMS, ARIZONA
1893-1941, PART II; COMPANY MILL MAPS; A STUDY IN TIME
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